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These Polynesians, who consist of a major group in the Pacific Islands, along with the Melanesians are a mixed race who appear to have been originally Negritic like the Melanesians and their brothers on the African continent.

There are many cultural habits and activities of great similarity practiced in Africa, yet they have also been practiced by these Diaspora Africans. One example is the use of the hollow, log drums used to send messages.

This drum is common in Africa and is used to send tonal messages that can be understood by those who speak the languages imitated on the drums.

The same type, style and size of drums are also used in New Guinea and parts of Melanesia and the South Pacific, where Blacks inhabit. Another cultural similarity practiced by the two branches of the Negritic race, the African and the Melanesian [actually they are one branch who split up tens of thousands of years ago], is dental beautification or mutilation.

The practice of filing the incisors was common throughout much of tropical Africa to the extent that pre columbian remains of an African discovered at Hull Bay in the Virgin Islands, was dated to about A. The remains were of Blacks who entered the region before the landing of Columbus on the Bahamas, by about years.

This very possibility gives a student chills just considering that this may have indeed occurred. Writers and historians such as R. Chandler [, p. Furthermore, they were the very first people in existence in that region.

One of the issues raised by some anthropologists, particularly over the past year [ to ], has been the blood type differences between some Blacks of Asia and the Blacks of Africa. This so-called difference may seem significant to some; however, these differences are irrelevant since they are not unusual in other racial groups. In fact, blood groups can vary in the same distinct race. The predominance of blood-type b in the Blacks of Asia and some of the South Pacific Polynesians and Africans clearly show a connection between Blacks in general and their migration to South America as early as 30, to 60, years ago.

Further more, a separation of prehistoric Africans about that period and earlier could very well contribute to minor changes and variations in the original blood type. Mixing with other peoples over the past tens of thousands of years can also bring about some changes. Yet, it is fascinating that the Blacks of Asia are very similar in outward appearance to those of Africa. The minor mixing which occurred thus causing an infusion of non Black blood types into the Melanesians is more apparent in the large number of obviously mixed races who are a mixture of Black and Mongoloid who exist in Asia today.

The reason for the outward racial similarities between the Blacks of New Guinea, the South Pacific, Melanesia, and parts of Asia who are of the Negritic stock, may have to do with the similarities in the conditions which brought about the evolution of Blacks in Africa to the Homosapien stage about , years ago. These conditions were and still are, being in the equatorial regions where the heat is sometimes above degrees Fahrenheit, being constantly exposed to the sun and having no.

By 40, B. There is no doubt that if these Africans were making sophisticated weapons and tools by , B. He could have displaced the Neanderthal and brought about the existence of more modern humans who are all related today, to Africans. One of the early industries developed by Africans during the Paleolithic through the Mesolithic Ages circa 40, B.

Pastoralism may have developed out of the tracking and following of animals during periods of hunting as the animals moved along the wide savannas and plains of Africa, Europe, Asia, the Americas and most of the regions inhabited by the Homosapien Grimaldi Negroids, the first fully human type to exist. Some of the earliest cave paintings in Europe, Africa and Asia show cattle similar to the long horned type, such as the famous Watusi cattle, found in parts of Africa today.

Savannah animals such as the warthog, lions, buffalo and some of the animals found today in Africa were also among the ancient animals which roamed the plains of Europe and Asia not covered by sheets of ice. The domestication of animals by the pastoralists helped to bring trade and commerce to higher levels.

It made a ready and reliable supply of meat, skins and milk available for people who lived in small settlements away from a steady supply of meat. For example, it may have been difficult finding a steady supply of meat in some areas of the extensive savanna. This reality increased the importance of the pastoralists, who moved from one area to the other, had a steady supply of meat and milk, and was able to trade with the more sedentary savannah dwellers.

Moreover, the consumption of milk and the introduction of other dairy products into the diet of the savannah dweller, opened the way for extensive trade between the pastoralists and the settlements of preagricultural people. On the other hand, people such as the Fulanis, Northern and Central Europeans and Arabs not only kept cattle or other livestock, but they also followed a nomadic way of life.

Consequently, all of the great civilizations on earth were began by settled, sedentary peoples who were originally of the Black racial type. Among the areas most suitable for pastoralism was the Sahara region.

There were forests in some areas and in others, there existed extensive grasslands suitable for grazing cattle and other livestock. In fact, rock drawings going back to a period before B. These drawings clearly show Black Africans tending cattle, fishing with nets, hunting and performing other tasks connected to a settled way of life. In many parts of Africa, Asia and Europe, paintings of similar themes produced by people who were similar in physical characteristics to the so called Bushmen and other Africans have been studied for their remarkable similarities with one another, as well as their similarities in their ages.

Some of these paintings are much older than the period during which the so-called Cro- Magnon Man C. Diop, , p. That period is between 30, to 20, years ago.

These paintings were created by the Negroid Grimaldi Man, who also left female representations of the Negritic type throughout Africa, Asia and Europe, in stone and other materials.

Among the most remarkable is the so. The first Africans of the Homosapien form to migrate to Europe and Asia may have been pastoralists and traders who either followed herds of animals toward the north or migrated in order to find new lands and to conduct trade and commerce, or new sources of raw materials.

These first anatomically modern humans existed between , to , years ago, however during a period of perhaps 60, to 40, years ago, they migrated into Asia, Europe, Australia and the Americas. Their migrations brought about a cultural renaissance on a worldwide scale due to their spread of art, industry and advanced culture to these continents from Africa, where the spread had been occurring for more than one hundred thousand years previously.

On the continent of Africa, what appears to have occurred is that the early pastoralists and hunters remained in the areas where food was abundant, while others migrated and spread throughout the continent. That possibility may be one of the reasons why some types of Africans such as the Pygmy Cwa and Kong-San people are found in specific areas of the continent, while the taller, robust agriculturists are found in every part of it.

In very ancient times, these agriculturists may have originally been migrating pastoralists, hunters and traders. The early pastoralists and those people who lived in settled communities were the first people to take an interest in astronomy.

The ancient Africans learned to read the stars and developed astronomy due to their exposure to the heavens and the wide open spaces during the night, while tending their animals or waiting in the open for prey. They also became expert at predicting changes in the weather and the coming of drought, floods and other natural disasters by studying the positions of the stars, clouds or other natural phenomena in relation to the rest of the year. In fact, the earliest evidence of astronomical observation on an advanced scale on earth occurred in the savannas or grasslands which once existed in the Sahara, Khem Egypt , West Africa, parts of Europe and parts of the Americas and Australia.

In fact, the oldest astronomical observatory so far. This observatory is older than 7, years B. Agriculture developed out of the pastoral African culture. This development included those who first begun to follow the sedentary culture, such as the prehistoric Africans who lived in the Sahara, the Nile region, West Africa, the Great Lakes of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Europe.

The early development of agriculture may have begun due to the keeping of animals in one particular area, for many months, until the grass or grazing areas settled by the animal herds and their keepers became exhausted, or the climate changed.

During such periods of grazing, when herdsmen and their families remained sedentary and did not move their cattle, they mixed the practice of agriculture and the gathering of fruits and plants as their means of keeping a steady supply of food. This type of mixing of pre agricultural habits and pastoralism is still practiced all over Africa by people such as the Fulani, Masai, Bantu cattle keepers such as the Zulu and others.

Organized agriculture first began in Africa sometime before 10, years B. In fact, as recently as the period between and , scientists discovered grains of sorghum or millet that had been planted and harvested in the nation of Sudan.

These grains were dated to be more than 10, years old. These were also the earliest grains domesticated on earth. Apparently, these grains and many others were being used by Africans for food as well as items of trade. Based on current methods used today to store grains in Africa, these grains may have also been stored in large, clay storage bins built above the ground in order to keep out rodents, pests and water. Due to the early beginnings of agriculture in Africa, a revolution in trade, commerce and civilization occurred.

Between 20, B. Evidence such as the discovery of an 8, year old abacus from the Congo J. The discovery of these tools indicate that long before organized agriculture was being practiced, Africans had invented and used sophisticated tools which were used for a variety of purposes including horticulture, hunting and fishing.

Tools such as the adze, sickle, digging stick and hoe may have also been invented during this period in order to make working much easier. The availability of domesticated animals such as the ox and buffalo gave way to the use of the plough and draft animals in parts of the Sahara as well as the Nile Corridor Modern Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt, parts of East Africa.

A wide network of trade and commerce developed because of the practice of storing surplus grains and other commodities and crops. The early agriculturists traded these items in exchange for meat and dairy products from the pastoralists, meat, hides, ivory, plants and forest products from the hunter gatherers, and plants, food crops and forest products from the agriculturists and forest dwellers.

At least three regions were engaged in this trade between 40, B. The Sahara was a hub of activity during this period, as the Tasili cave paintings seen by Henri Lhote the explorer clearly shows.

In others, fertile topsoil which contributed to rich, lush forests and grasslands covered much of the area. There were rivers which flowed freely, lakes, swamps, animals of all sorts, villages, towns and other settlements.

It is highly possible that the very first towns and cities built anywhere on earth were built in the present location.

These cities and towns were built long before Jerico an ancient city in the Levant around Isreal which was built by Black Canaanites about B.

These early African towns and cities were part of a network of trade and commerce. Ancient rivers, roads, paths and chariot highways helped to make traveling from one area to the next with trade goods. Current research has revealed that as early as 15, years ago, a Black empire existed in the region known today as Mauritania.

Box , South Holland, IL. VIII, No. This area was also covered with fertile, well watered lands, lakes, rivers, forests and grasslands. Much of the Nile Delta was quite different from what it was to become later, a fertile region.

In the very early period, the entire region of northern Egypt from Inebhedj Memphis to the shores of the Delta, may have been covered with water and swampland, or the sea may have been in this area. The Nile River nourished the area by pouring tons of silt and mud into it during the rainy seasons. As Africans from the South and Central regions the sources of the Nile migrated downriver, networks of trade and commerce were established and prospered.

The Africans who left the Great Lakes region of Africa, the Southern Part of Sudan and the Central part of Africa Yam to settle Khemet Egypt and the lands downriver of the Nile, conducted trade and commerce with their brothers and sisters who remained in the upperlands or the southern regions of Africa. These visits occurred at a much later period in history compared the the very early ages when Blacks, the only humans in existence, migrated from Central Africa and Eastern Africa to people the entire continent and the world.

The earliest migrations from the source of human beginnings Eastern, Central and Southern Africa to the rest of the world occurred between , to , B. The bartering of goods was the rule during the era when the Grimaldi Negroids who were the ancestors of modern Europeans and Blacks like themselves throughout Africa, began spreading to all regions of the earth.

These migrations occurred between 60, B. In fact, new discoveries of civilizations which existed before 10, B. Moreover, the mention from biblical sources of civilizations which existed before the Great Flood, would most logically have been African or Black civilizations. This conclusion can be made because Caucasoids or Mongoloids had not fully developed into distinct races, nor had they developed any great civilizations during that period. On the other hand, Blacks had developed advanced cultures and civilizations as early as 20, B.

These included animals both as pets and or as food, such as monkeys, apes, birds and fowl, deer, wild boar and others. Plants, food crops, precious stones, precious metals such as gold, woods such as ebony, stone tools, copper, red ochre and perhaps iron ore, animal skins and a variety of manufactured products and handicrafts were sold or bartered by the Africans of the South to those down river of the Nile.

The earliest forms of agriculture, the horticultural phase may have been practiced in the western half of Africa north of the Equator, from the Mediterranean Sea to the Congo River and from the west of the Nile Basin to the Atlantic ocean. Two types of agriculture may have been practiced in that region. One was suitable for the more sparsely populated-forested areas of the Sahara, while the other was more suitable for the heavily forested regions. The first may have included a mixture of pastoralism and early horticulture and proto agricultural practices, while the other was more suitable for the forested areas and included similar practices but with hunting and gathering to supplement the food intake.

Much of the agricultural activities taking place in the Sahara covered by grasslands and sparse vegetation was done by pastoralists, according to M. They were not as settled as the more sedentary populations of those regions of the Sahara where the soil and topography made it possible to practice agriculture on a more permanent basis. The more permanent farmers occupied an area from the mid Sahara to the Congo River. The practice of slash and burn agriculture in which the trees were chopped down, burned and the ashes used to nourish the soil, may have been practiced.

After the harvest, the farmers would have let the places where they planted to remain fallow for a number of years before. During this period of waiting, they cleared another area. This practice is responsible for the deforestation of much of the Sahara and West Africa today. The need to find wood to produce charcoal in order to smelt iron ore, beginning from the Late Stone Age about years ago , till the present time is another reason for this tragedy. Hunting was widespread in the area between the mid Sahara to the Congo River, yet it is very likely that the relationship between the two groups of Negroids who inhabited the region then, was the same as it is today.

Most agriculture was practiced by the taller, more robust Negritic types and the Annoid Blacks who were medium to tall stature and occupied the Nile Valley and parts of East Africa between 20, B. The Pygmies and Kong San Bushman, who were spread throughout Africa at the time were engaged in hunting and garthering as well as some forms of agriculture or horticulture, and pastoralism.

There was trade and commerce between these groups in ancient times, as there is today. The Pygmies and other hunter gartherer peoples may also have lived among the Bantus in prehistoric times.

The flourishing trade which developed among the three types of Black peoples; the tall Negritics, the Pygmies or Kwa and the Kong San Bushmanoid , which developed in the northern, western, eastern, central and southern parts of prehistoric Africa, helped to develop a culture of trade and dependency among them.

Cultures developed on the fringes of the forests and Savannah lands and groups became more organized. One such groups, the Ishongo people of the Congo,. Moreover, both the Pygmies and the Kong-San occupied much wider areas of Africa than they do at the present time. There were more areas covered with forests about 8, B. They spread as far north as the Horn of Africa L. However, because the Kong-San and Pygmies Kwa were hunter- gatherers, while the Bantu and Nilotes were agriculturists who occupied large areas of land, the Bantu Niger Kongo language family, and that of the Nilotes Kushitic-Khemetic language family , remained settled, developed advanced cultures and were able to sustain large families and strong political, social and economic units which regarded family as very important to their economy and survival.

Drawings and bas reliefs on Egyptian and Kushite temples show Negritic types similar to the Kong-San people of Southern Africa, with racial features such as the epicantus fold, kinky hair and yellowish brown to dark brown complexions. The reliefs show the Kong-San being held as captives by the Egyptians during a period which portrayed a battle. This evidence which also shows the type of clothing, weapons and armor worn by the Kong-San people brings about the possibility that the Kong- San were advanced in culture during the time when this battle occurred, a period between B.

The Kong-San people or a Black African racial group similar in features to them may have inhabited a region from the tip of. Mokhtar and J. Curry, Since the Kong-San are another branch of the Black race and since they were among the ancient peoples who migrated from Africa during the Upper Paleolithic period 40, B. The more robust and taller Negritic peoples, the ancestors of all Black Africans, Africans of the Americas, Europe, Asia, India and the South Pacific today, remained agriculturists and horticulturists, while the Kong-San and Kwa Pygmies , continued with their hunter-gartherer way of life.

The short, reddish brown skinned Pygmoids inhabited the forest areas and the short, yellowish-brown to dark brown Kong-San who are racially Negroid with features similar to that of Mongoloids, remained in the eastern and southern parts of Africa.

Agriculture and pastoralism spread from Africa to South- West Asia and the rest of the world, soon after they were established in Africa as methods of industry, commerce and.

A study of the pattern of the spread of agriculture shows that from the Sudan in the nation of Sudan , in the Upper Nile Valley, to Egypt, agriculture spread to West Asia, then the rest of the world. These areas included the Middle East, the Indus Valley of India, China, Europe, South-East Asia, the Americas and Australia and the South Pacific, where horticulture is still practiced today, by the Blacks who are the original inhabitants of the region and continue to live there.

One of the grains which was taken along during the migrations of Africans to all four corners of the earth was sorghum. It is found from West and Central Africa to China. Millet, wheat, barley and other crops, including cotten in later years, may have spread from the Sahara and Central Africa, where they were domesticated by prehistoric Africans. The earliest periods for the cultivation of grains in other parts of the world is much more recent compared to the period when grains were first domesticated harvested and cultivated in Africa.

This lapse in time periods show what may have been the amount of time it took for the same people Africans to spread the art throughout the world where they ventured, or to spread the grains through trade and commerce. In Europe the time period was about years B. Maize was being planted and harvested in the Americas about 7, B. In South America, the cultivation and harvesting of grains is given at about B. The Mongoloid racial type is a more recent racial development, compared to the Negroid type.

In fact, their presence on the world scene occurred between 7, B. According to Cheikh Antah Diop, , p. He comments:. According to Diop, of the two skulls, one resembled a Negroid from Melanesia, while the other looked like an ancient example of an Eskimo Aleut skull.

These two races may have combined to create the Chinese people, in the same way that the Japanese people evolved into their present racial type about three to four thousand years ago. In fact, many Ainu, particularly those with less of the Mongoloid strain resemble fair-skinned Australian Aboriginals.

In any case, it would seem that the transfer of Northern African grain crops to China was the work of people who looked like Africans, and did in fact migrate out of Africa at various periods between , B. The so-called Melanesian skull found in the cave may have been that of a pre-Mongolid migrant who came from Africa or people of the African Negritic race who had lived in China just after the first Homo sapien Africans left the continent about , years ago. Moreover, the present Mongoloid Asiatic racial type may very well be a mixture of the ancient Australoid-Negroid type once found throughout East Asia where they still exist in an area from India to Australia , Negroids from Africa and Melanesian Negroids.

That belief may be the reason. Furthermore, the highlands of Ethiopia and parts of Kenya in East Africa, along with Southern Africa are the cradles of humanity. The most ancient remains of humans were found in these areas. Ethiopia is also one of the cradles of civilization. In Kenya, Ethiopia and Southern Africa, temperate grains are grown due to the climate in parts of these nations that are suitable for the cultivation of grain.

The Atlas Mountains region of North-West Africa as well as much of the northern part of Africa suitable for growing crops have grown grain. In fact, Egypt was the breadbasket of the ancient world for thousands of years.

In all these regions, Blacks existed when no other races were in existence. The cultivation of grains in these regions, particularly southern and central Sudan has been occuring since before 10, B.

Along with grains, fruits may have also been spread from one area to the other and were among the first plants and trees that the prehistoric Africans domesticated and used in organized agriculture. Having been pastoralists, the prehistoric Africans may have discovered the value of agriculture by throwing away seeds of fruits and vegetables they had collected while they moved their livestock. Hunters may have noticed the value of tending fruit and other edible plants in the same manner.

While waiting for herds, they may have dined on fruits and vegetables. The discarded seeds grew while they were waiting for animals to migrate. Consequently, they discovered that seeds sprouted into plants, which became trees and bore edible fruit.

These were then plucked and consumed. This observation led to organized agriculture. In the last chapter, the transformation of Africans from pastoral activities to agriculture and how the need to find and create accessible food sources led to the tending of fruits, vegetables and crops was thoroughly examined.

The need to remain close to their livestock brought about the need to build temporary settlements and to depend on plants and fruits until the grazing lands were exhausted. During these periods, discarded fruits and other edible foods and plants as well as their seeds, had the time necessary to grow and produce fruits before the next moving of the animals. While the fruit trees grew, they survived on what was available as well as meat and milk.

The earliest Africans developed pastoralism from following herds of animals such as the wild ox, buffalo, wildebeast and other animals, during their migrations from one end of the African Savannah to the other.

While these animals migrated, some may have been stalked, tracked, trapped and captured, while others were felled with javlins given force by the atlatl. It also occurred that some of these animals were captured, corralled and tamed for future use and as supplies of meat, milk and skins. Their horns were used as tools and their bones as weapons and tools. As these animals increased in number and produced offspring, the early Africans may have kept them instead of following their herds from place to place.

They discovered it was much easier keeping the animals in one place, rather than following them around. Early agriculture developed out of pastoralism, for it seems more logical that the ancient pastoralists would have had the time, land and need to grow crops while they waited for their cattle to graze, before moving them at the end of particular seasons, or when the grazing area became exhaused.

This process would have taken many months, enough time for certain. The ancient pastoralists also found out that pastoralism and agriculture could go hand in hand as some of the ancient pastoralists of the Sahara found out. While this social and economic change was occurring, the need for permanent settlements also increased. Thus, instead of building tents and temporary settlements, they built small villages and permanent settlements, while their livestock grazed in the fields outside of their homes.

As the years went by, organized villages sprung up all over the landscape with animal corrals for livestock, and with fields and meadows teaming with cattle, oxen, sheep and other animals. The very first villages were probably built by families who owned livestock such as sheep, goats, cattle and oxen. They practiced an early form of agriculture and felt satisfied with having fruits and vegetables as well as sources of meat while their plants grew.

The need for nomadic existence diminished as villages and other types of permanent settlements became the norm. The early villages were built in a variety of tapographical areas. For example, apart from the flat grasslands were cattle was kept, riverbanks where fish was easier to catch and areas where the soil was fertile such as valleys contributed to the expansion of settlements.

Rivers made travel from village to village much easier by boat, than walking with heavy loads. These factors contributed to the expansion of trade and commerce along rivers such as the Nile, the Congo River, and the now dried-out rivers of the pre-historic Sahara.

The fertile region of the great freshwater lakes of East- Central Africa and the Niger River Basin, were also areas where villages and very ancient settlements first began.

The establishment of small villages and settlements near strategic areas helped in the expansion of trade for many families. For example, those who had easy access to the rivers were not only able to use it for moving from one place to the other, but they were able to use it as a source of water, fish, drinking water and primarily as a source of irrigation where needed.

In many ways, the river helped settlements on the banks. Africans improved their trading practices soon after they begun building premanent settlements. The need to trade and exchange goods increased since there was a surplus of commodities due to the planting or raising and production of more than had been attempted previously.

As the need to conduct more trade became of crucial importance, a level of sophistication came into being during the conduction of trade. New methods of exchange, new ways to set prices and better products were furnished. Some people were not as good at hoarding and trading their surplus goods to others, therefore, they depended on a specific class of people to supply them with goods.

The early Africans saw the need to create new products to sell to those who wanted them but were unable to gain access, or were engaged in other types of activity which took away much of their time.

An example would have been those people who moved from place to place with their cattle, and who spent less of their time producing weapons, cloth, sandals and other goods. They would have had to depend on craftsmen and women who were more settled and had the time to produce what they wanted for the times spent moving their cattle or livestock to areas away from the village or settlement.

The steady flow of goods between various peoples and settlements occurred. Unilie the past when trade was broken down into trading between regions wuch as the forests, the savannah and other areas, settlements and villages became the main receipients of the practice of trade. This cycle of trade brought about the steady flow of goods and increased commercial activities throughout Africa and other parts of the world.

The evolution from small settlements to villages, the keeping of cattle nearer to settlements, the practice of horticulture then early agriculture and the use of rivers for travel and the movement of goods and products helped bring the lifestyle of hunting, garthering and the tending of livestock to a lower level of importance for a number of people.

Settled life and early. The availability of food in plenty, cattle, livestock, water sources and other necessities essential to living without stress were easier to acquire. The population of the agriculturists increased while that of the hunter-garthers and pastoralists remained stagnant, or grew at a much slower rate. The families of the hunters and gartherers and those engaged in the tending of animals had to be kept small due to the constant mobility of their families and their hunting and herding parties.

The village dwellers preferred large families and they still do today, which is good, for large families ensure survival , so that there would be a sufficient number of males to do the hunting, fishing, tending of flocks, clearing trees, and defending the settlement.

Females were needed in large amounts for the raising of families, planting and tending crops and in some cases, handling the trading and selling. As the division of labor became more valuable to villages and families, Africans realized that large, well managed families not only contributed to the wealth of families, the also helped to ensure the survival of the future generations incase diseases cut the amount in families.

Thus, the earliest family businesses were the invention of the earliest African agriculturists. The increase in the population of the taller, more robust agricultural Negroid Africans over the shorter Pygmoid and Kong-San Negroids helped the agriculturists dominate most of the continent, improve their culture and survive. The notion that too many people is bad for African or Black nations while not for others, such as those of Europe or East Asia, where overpopulation is a much bigger problem than in Africa, is a very biased notion based on racist attitudes.

The idea that Africans should control their populations is one of the great. The history of Africa will show that the more people there are to defend the nation, plant the crops, do the industrial work, and contribute to the economy, the more powerful and long- lasting the society will be.

Why is it that nations such as England, France, Germany where they are calling for an increase in the already 80,, German population , Russia, Spain, Japan, Singapore where incentives for the wealthy and middle class to produce more children was proposed about five years ago and other wealthy and white nations not encouraged to control their own populations?

These nations realize that having large populations give them the feeling of being looked upon as big, powerful and important. The African population worldwide should be increased and no attempt should be made to decrease it. However, it should be well managed not by reductions in population, but by having Blacks settle lands that were stolen from Blacks such as Australia and other colonized lands where Blacks were the original and aboriginal owners.

That of course would include much of the Southern U. Blacks should also spread out in places such as Botswana, Namibia and other areas.

The increase in the population of the early African farmers and agriculturists during the Mesolithic Age, contributed to a new way of life.

Village life led to large families but it also opened the way for people to spend more time doing other things, such as making better tools and weapons something that recent archeological evidence shows may have occurred about 75, to , years ago in Zaire , cooking utensils, pottery, nets, hooks for fishing, houses and clothing.

Africans spent their spare time on activities such as carving wood, ivory, bone and stone, and inventing useful things such as musical instruments. During the Mesolithic Age, the opportunity. That is a fact, for there is evidence which shows that as early as 17, B. By 20, B. The Ishongo had been using mathematics by 8, B. The discovery of the Ishongo Abacus used for keeping mathematical records was discovered.

It was used to calculate the number of animals caught or trapped by the user. Laws and taboos were in many cases established before that period, however others were added and the ancient ones were changed due to the new environments which needed the laws to adapt. For example, whereas the pastoralists may have demanded smaller families due to their constant movements, being childless was looked upon as being unblessed.

One of the earliest forms of economic practice which grew out of storing food on a collective basis and having the right and opportunity to use what was stored in the collective pot was susu.

It was also used as a method of holding goods so that more useful and valuable purchases would be made when necessary. The need to buy oxen to plough fields, or a canoe to make trips on the rivers may have required more than the usual commodities used in bartering such as some food crops, grain or clothing.

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